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In this follow-up analysis, we update previous constraints on the transitional Planck mass (TPM) modified gravity model using the latest version of EFTCAMB and provide new constraints using South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Planck anisotropy data along with Planck cosmic microwave background lensing, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae data and a Hubble constant,H₀, prior from local measurements. We find that large shifts in the Planck mass lead to large suppression of power on small scales that is disfavored by both the SPT and Planck data. Using only the SPT temperature-polarization–polarization-polarization (TE-EE) data, this suppression of power can be compensated for by an upward shift of the scalar index ton_s= 1.003 ± 0.016, resulting in$H_0={71.94}_{-0.85}^{+0.86}$km m⁻¹Mpc⁻¹and a ∼7% shift in the Planck mass. Including the Planck temperature-temperature (TT) ℓ≤ 650 and Planck TE-EE data restricts the shift to be <5% at 2σwithH₀= 70.65 ± 0.66 km m⁻¹Mpc⁻¹. Excluding theH₀prior, the SPT and Planck data constrain the shift in the Planck mass to be <3% at 2σwith a best-fit value of 0.04%, consistent with the Λ cold dark matter limit. In this case$H_0={69.09}_{-0.68}^{+0.69}$km s⁻¹Mpc⁻¹, which is partially elevated by the dynamics of the scalar field in the late Universe. This differs from early dark energy models that prefer higher values ofH₀when the high-ℓPlanck TT data are excluded. We additionally constrain TPM using redshift space distortion data from BOSS DR12 and cosmic shear, galaxy–galaxy lensing, and galaxy clustering data from DES Y1, finding both disfavor transitions close to recombination, but earlier Planck mass transitions are allowed.

 

Patterns of morphological divergence across species’ ranges can provide insight into local adaptation and speciation. In this study, we compared phenotypic divergence among 4,221 crickets from 337 populations of two closely related species of field cricket,Gryllus firmusandG. pennsylvanicus, and their hybrids. We found that these species differ across their geographic range in key morphological traits, such as body size and ovipositor length, and we directly compared phenotype with genotype for a subset of crickets to demonstrate nuclear genetic introgression, phenotypic intermediacy of hybrids, and essentially unidirectional mitochondrial introgression. We discuss how these morphological traits relate to life history differences between the two species. Our comparisons across geographic areas support prior research suggesting that cryptic variation withinG. firmusmay represent different species. Our study highlights how variable morphology can be across wide-ranging species and the importance of studying reproductive barriers in more than one or two transects of a hybrid zone.

 

When asked, large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT claim that they can assist with relevance judgments but it is not clear whether automated judgments can reliably be used in evaluations of retrieval systems. In this perspectives paper, we discuss possible ways for LLMs to support relevance judgments along with concerns and issues that arise. We devise a human–machine collaboration spectrum that allows to categorize different relevance judgment strategies, based on how much humans rely on machines. For the extreme point of ‘fully automated judgments’, we further include a pilot experiment on whether LLM-based relevance judgments corre- late with judgments from trained human assessors. We conclude the paper by providing opposing perspectives for and against the use of LLMs for automatic relevance judgments, and a compromise per- spective, informed by our analyses of the literature, our preliminary experimental evidence, and our experience as IR researchers 

While ferroelectric HfO₂shows promise for use in memory technologies, limited endurance is one factor that challenges its widespread application. Herein, endurance is investigated through field cycling W/Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂/W capacitors above the coercive field while manipulating the time under field using bipolar pulses of varying pulse duration or duty cycle. Both remanent polarization and leakage current increase with increasing pulse duration. Additionally, an order of magnitude decrease in the pulse duration from 20 to 2 μs results in an increase in endurance lifetime of nearly two orders of magnitude from 3 × 10⁶to 2 × 10⁸cycles. These behaviors are attributed to increasing time under field allowing for charged oxygen vacancy migration, initially unpinning domains, or driving phase transformations before segregating to grain boundaries and electrode interfaces. This oxygen vacancy migration causes increasing polarization before creating conducting percolation paths that result in degradation and premature device failure. This process is suppressed for 2 μs pulse duration field cycling where minimal wake‐up and lower leakage before device failure are observed, suggesting that very short pulses can be used to significantly increase device endurance. These results provide insight into the impact of pulse duration on device performance and highlight consideration of use of conditions when endurance testing.

 

Consider the tight binding model of graphene, sharply terminated along an edgelparallel to a direction of translational symmetry of the underlying period lattice. We classify such edgeslinto those of “zigzag type” and those of “armchair type”, generalizing the classical zigzag and armchair edges. We prove that zero energy / flat band edge states arise for edges of zigzag type, but never for those of armchair type. We exhibit explicit formulas for flat band edge states when they exist. We produce strong evidence for the existence of dispersive (non flat) edge state curves of nonzero energy for mostl.